The Use of Antibiotics To Pregnant Women

Health - Antibiotics to pregnant women may harm babies

Antibiotics administered indiscriminately to pregnant women to delay premature birth may cause long-term harm to babies, a research has suggested.

The study, published in The Lancet, found that among women whose waters had not broken, giving antibiotics was associated with increased risk of cerebral palsy in the children and problems such as poor eyesight or hearing not only at birth but for decades beyond.
Britain has issued a warning about the indiscriminate prescribing of antibiotics to pregnant women to delay premature labour after research revealed that the practice may cause long-term harm to their babies, the Independent newspaper said today.



According to the British daily, Liam Donaldson, UK's chief medical officer, warned that the antibiotics should "not routinely be given" to women in premature labour where there was no sign of infection and whose waters had not broken, in line with "existing good clinical practice".

A clinical trial involving 12,000 women in the UK and around the world, published in 2001, found antibiotics delayed labour and improved outcomes for mother and babies at risk of giving birth prematurely.

According to the UK medical journal, a follow-up study seven years later of more than 8,000 of the women in the UK showed that among women whose waters had not broken, giving antibiotics was associated with up to a threefold rise in cerebral palsy, from 1.6 per cent in those given placebo to 4.4 per cent in those on two antibiotics, and a small increase in "mild" functional impairment such as poor co-ordination and poor eyesight.

However, among women whose waters had broken, giving antibiotics caused no long-term benefit or harm to their children, despite the improved outcome at birth revealed in the first study, the study showed.


Antibiotic Use in Pregnant Women Increases Risk of Functional Impairment in Their Children NEW YORK -- September 17, 2008 -- Long-term follow-up data on a trial to assess the effects of antibiotics given to pregnant women experiencing premature labour, with intact membranes and no obvious infection, has revealed an unexpected increased risk of functional impairment and/or cerebral palsy in some children.

This is among the conclusions of the Overview of the Role of Antibiotics in Curtailing Labour and Early Delivery (ORACLE) Children's Study, published early online in 2 articles and in an upcoming edition of The Lancet.

Both studies are authored by Sara Kenyon, MD, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, and colleagues from the ORACLE study group.
The ORACLE Children Study I and II were carried out in the UK to discover whether erythromycin and co-amoxiclav had any long-term effects on the children at 7 years of age born to these mothers.

The ORACLE Children Study II looked at mothers in spontaneous premature labour with intact membranes surrounding their unborn child and no obvious sign of infection.

The children were born to the 4,221 women who had completed the study, and were followed-up after 7 years using a structured parental questionnaire to assess the child's health status. Data for 3,196 (71%) of eligible children was available.

The researchers found that functional impairment was increased in children of mothers who received erythromycin (42.3%, 658 children) compared with no erythromycin (38.3%, 574 children) -- an increase in relative risk of 18% for receiving erythromycin. Co-amoxiclav (with or without erythromycin) had no effect of the proportion of children with any functional impairment.

The researchers also made the unexpected discovery that more children whose mothers had received the antibiotics developed cerebral palsy than those who did not.

For mothers receiving erythromycin (with or without co-amoxiclav), 53 (3.3%) children had cerebral palsy compared with 27 (1.7%) receiving no erythromycin. For mothers given co-amoxiclav (with or without erythromycin), 50 (3.2%) children had cerebral palsy versus 30 (1.9%) receiving no co-amoxiclav.

The risk was clearest for mothers given both antibiotics: 35 (4.4%) of children had cerebral palsy compared with 12 (1.6%) of mothers receiving double placebo.
No effects were seen with either antibiotic on the number of deaths, other medical conditions, behavioural patterns, or educational attainment.

"The prescription of erythromycin for women in spontaneous preterm labour with intact membranes was associated with an increase in functional impairment among their children at 7 years of age. The risk of cerebral palsy was increased by either antibiotic, although the overall risk of this condition was low," the authors concluded.

The ORACLE Children Study I followed up 4,148 eligible children whose mothers joined the trial with preterm rupture of the membranes without obvious signs of infection.

The original trial reported that prescription of erythromycin to these women resulted in reductions in short-term neonatal morbidity and erythromycin is now recommended treatment.

The Children Study, which assessed data from 3,298 (75%) eligible children, found no differences in functional impairment with either antibiotic, and no differences in behavioural difficulties, medical conditions, or educational achievement.

In relation to this part of the study, the authors said that "the prescription of antibiotics for women with preterm rupture of the membranes seems to have little effect on the health of children at 7 years of age."

In an accompanying comment, Philip J. Steer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom, and Alison Bedford Russell, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, and Heart of England NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom said: "The lessons to be learned seem clear; contrary to popular opinion, antibiotics are not risk-free. There are good reasons not to give them in association with threatened preterm labour unless there is clear evidence of infection. It is vital the practice is not extended by stealth beyond that which is justified by the evidence, and interventions given in pregnancy should always be evaluated with proper long-term follow-up."

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Honey as Medicine Benefits

Ayurvedic as well as Yunani medicine have been using honey as a vital medicine for centuries.

Today’s western scientists also accept honey as a "Ram Ban" (very effective) medicine for all kinds of diseases without producing any side effects. Today, honey is produced in most of the countries of the world and is therefore available worldwide. Modern science maintains that although honey is sweet, if ingested in the right dosages as a medication, diabetic patients will also be able to intake it.

According to Ayurvedic medicine, a mixture of Honey and Cinnamon can be beneficial to many ailments and diseases and on 17th January 1995, ‘Weekly World News’ - Canada, published a list of ailments/diseases that can be helped / treated with a Honey/Cinnamon mixture. Some of the important details of that information are as below:

* HEART DISEASES

Make a paste of honey and cinnamon powder, spread it on bread or chapatti instead of jelly and jam and eat it regularly for breakfast. This can help to reduce the cholesterol in the arteries and maybe reduce the possibility of a heart patient from suffering a heart attack. Patients, who have already suffered attacks, are also advised to ingest the honey/cinnamon mixture to ward off further attacks.

Regular use of the mixture relieves loss of breath and strengthens the heartbeat. In USA and Canada, various nursing homes have treated patients successfully and have found that due to increasing age, the arteries and veins, which lose their flexibility and become clogged, are revitalized.

* ARTHRITIS

Mix one part honey to two parts of lukewarm water and add a small level teaspoon of cinnamon powder. Make a paste and massage slowly onto the itching area of the body. It has been found that the pain can recede within a minute or two. Arthritic patients can also benefit from the daily intake morning and evening, of one cup of hot water with two spoons of honey and one small teaspoon of cinnamon powder mixed together. In a recent research program conducted at Copenhagen University, it was found that when the doctors treated their patients with a mixture of one tablespoon honey and half a teaspoon cinnamon powder before breakfast; within a week, out of 200 patients who underwent the treatment, 73 patients were relieved of pain, and within a month most of the patients who could not walk or who had limited mobility due to their arthritis, started walking without pain.

* HAIR LOSS

For people suffering from hair loss or baldness the following paste has been found to be effective: In warm olive oil, mix one tablespoon of honey, one teaspoon cinnamon powder, make a paste and apply before taking a bath. Leave on the scalp /hair for around 5 ―15 minutes, and then wash the hair.

* BLADDER INFECTIONS

Stir two tablespoons of cinnamon powder and one teaspoon of honey in a glass of lukewarm water and ingest. This can destroy the bacteria in the bladder that are the cause of the infection.

* TOOTHACHE

Make a paste of one teaspoon of cinnamon powder and five teaspoons of honey and apply to the aching tooth. This may be applied 3 times a day until the tooth stops aching.

* CHOLESTEROL

Two tablespoons of honey and three teaspoons of cinnamon powder mixed into 16 ounces of tea water, can aid in the reduction of cholesterol levels in the blood by 10% within a two hour period. As mentioned above for arthritic patients, if this mixture is ingested 3 times day, chronic cholesterol can be lowered. Pure honey, also ingested daily without cinnamon, taken together with food, is an aid in lowering cholesterol levels.

* COLDS

Those suffering from common or severe colds should take one tablespoon lukewarm honey mixed with 1/4 spoon cinnamon powder daily for 3 days. This will cure most chronic coughs, colds and clear the sinuses.

* INFERTILITY

Yunani and Ayurvedic medicine have been using honey for thousands of years to strengthen the semen of men and improve impotence. Through the regular ingestion of two tablespoons of honey, prior to sleep, impotence can be greatly reduced. In China, Japan and Far-Eastern countries, women, who do not conceive and need to strengthen the uterus, have been taking cinnamon powder for centuries. Women, who are unable to conceive, may take a pinch of cinnamon powder in half teaspoon of honey and apply it on the gums frequently throughout the day, so that it slowly mixes with the saliva and can therefore enter the body. There is a story about a couple in Maryland, USA who were unable to produce children for 14 years and had lost hope of having a child of their own. When told about the honey cinnamon mixture both the husband and wife started ingesting the mixture and the wife conceived after a few months, giving birth to healthy twins.

* UPSET STOMACH

Honey taken with cinnamon powder cures stomachache and can also clear stomach ulcers.

* GAS

According to studies done in India & Japan, honey, taken together with cinnamon powder can relieve the stomach of gas.

* IMMUNE SYSTEM

Daily use of honey and cinnamon powder strengthens the immune system and protects the body from bacteria and viral attacks. Scientists have found that honey has various vitamins and iron in large amounts. Constant use of honey strengthens the white blood corpuscles to fight bacteria and viral diseases.

INDIGESTION Cinnamon powder sprinkled onto two tablespoons of honey taken before eating, relieves acidity and aids in the digestion of the heaviest of meals.

INFLUENZA A scientist in Spain has proven that honey contains a natural ingredient, which kills influenza germs.

* LONGEVITY

Tea made with honey and cinnamon powder, when taken regularly, arrests the ravages of old age. Take 4 spoons of honey, 1 spoon of cinnamon powder and 3 cups of water and boil as if making tea. Drink 1/4cup, 3 to 4 times a day. It keeps the skin fresh and soft and arrests old age. Life spans also increases and even a 100 year old, starts performing the chores of a 20-year-old.

* PIMPLES

Make a paste from three tablespoons of honey and one teaspoon of cinnamon powder. Apply this paste on the pimples before sleep and wash it off the next morning with warm water. If applied daily for two weeks, the paste can remove pimples.

* SKIN INFECTIONS

Applying honey and cinnamon powder in equal parts on the affected parts can cure eczema, ringworm and all types of skin infections.

* WEIGHT LOSS

Drink daily in the morning on an empty stomach, 1/2 hour before breakfast and at night before sleeping, a honey and cinnamon powder mixture boiled in one cup of water. If taken regularly, it is said to reduce the weight of even the most obese person. Also by drinking this mixture regularly, fat does not accumulate in the body even though the person maybe eating a high calorie diet.

* CANCER

Recent research in Japan and Australia has reveled that advanced cancer of the stomach and bones have been cured successfully. Patients suffering from these kinds of cancer should take one tablespoon of honey with one teaspoon of cinnamon powder, 3 times a day for one month.

* FATIGUE

Recent studies have shown that the sugar content of honey is more helpful than detrimental to the strength of the body. Senior citizens, who take honey and cinnamon power in equal parts, are more alert and flexible. Half a tablespoon of honey stirred into in a glass of water and sprinkled with cinnamon powder, taken daily n the afternoon at about 3.00PM when the vitality of the body starts to decrease, can help the body to have more vitality within a week.

* BAD BREATH

In order to maintain fresh breath throughout the day, the people of South America, gargle with one teaspoon of honey and cinnamon powder mixed in hot water first thing upon awakening.

* HEARING LOSS

Taken daily, morning and evening, honey and cinnamon powder taken in equal parts can restore hearing.

I hope honey can be utilized for the overall health

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and prevention of diabetes complications

Danger of diabetes is very large and can enable people with weak kidneys, become blind, suffering from the disease and the foot of the many serious complications and cause a high mortality rate. Diabetes patients at risk every day because of blood sugar is not controlled. Blood glucose level that can change throughout the day, especially when eating,conduct activities, and even if you are drinking diabetes drugs. Medical research proves that when the blood glucose level is very high - be in the danger zone - so many people who will suffer the disease diabetes heart disease. Research shows eight of the 10 people who contract the disease diabetes affected heart attack.

They have a high risk of diabetes is infected with a family history a disease with diabetes. This is common when someone enters the age above 40 years, the overweight, is exposed to high blood pressure, in addition, of course, eating the wrong use patterns.An estimated one out of eight people in urban areas can have a diabetes. The high number of people in urban areas, was caused by changes in lifestyle its community.

I do not want to frighten them, but how good you are its all you can to prevent that, starting from the tips:

• Diabetes complications can kill

Diabetes is a disease that has complications (cause other diseases) the most. This is related to the blood sugar level constant, so that result in damage to blood vessel, nerve and other internal structures.

Complex substance consisting of sugar in the blood vessel walls, causing blood vessel leakage and experienced thick. This result thick occur in the region the blood flow will be reduced, especially for the skin and nerves.
Blood sugar is not controlled rate also tends to cause the fatty substances in the blood increases, so the speed of a aterosklerosis (plaque storehouse of fat in the blood vessel). Aterosklerosis is 2-6 times more common in diabetics.
Poor circulation of blood through the blood vessel is large (macro) can harm the brain, heart, and blood vessel foot (makroangiopati), whereas blood vessel small (micro) can harm the eyes, kidneys, nerves and skin and slow healing of wounds.

People with diabetes may experience a variety of long-term complications if diabetes is not managed well.

Complications that occur more often and turn off the heart attack and stroke.

Blood vessel damage to the eyes can cause disturbances of vision due to damage to the retina eye (retinopati diabetikum). Deviation kidney function can cause kidney failure, so people have to wash the blood (dialisa).Interference on the nerves can learn some manifestation in the form of. If you have a nerve aberration function (mononeuropati), then an arm or leg in a normal suddenly become weak.

If the nerves that go to the hand, leg and foot were damaged (polineuropati diabetikum), then on the arm and leg can be perceived as pain or pins and burned weakness.
Cause damage to the nerves of the skin more often due to injury can not ease pressure and temperature changes. The reduced flow of blood to the skin can also cause ulkus (ulcer) and all running slow wound healing. Ulkus in the foot and can be experienced in infection and the old so it must be part of the leg be amputated.

Terapi For Diabetes Mellitus

The main objective of diabetes treatment is to maintain blood sugar in the normal range. However, the blood sugar is really hard to be normal.
However, the approach the normal range, then the possibility of the occurrence of complications and the long-term becomes increasingly reduced. It is necessary to monitor blood sugar regularly both independently conducted tests with an own blood sugar at home or done in a laboratory near you.
Treatment of diabetes include weight loss, exercise and diet.Obesity and someone who suffered from type 2 diabetes will not need treatment if they lose weight and doing sports regularly.
However, most patients had difficulty lose weight and doing sports regularly. Therefore, insulin therapy is usually given drug or hipoglikemik (in its blood sugar lowering) per-oral.
Type 1 diabetes can only be treated with insulin, but type 2 can be treated with oral medication. If weight control and exercise do not work then the doctor and then give the medicine that can be drunk (oral = mouth) or use insulin.

Following the division of farmakologi therapy for diabetes, namely:

• Oral medications Hipoglikemik (OHO)

• Insulin therapy

1. Hipoglikemik oral medicine

Group sulfonilurea can often reduce the blood sugar in diabetics type II, but not effective in diabetes type I. Examples are glipizid, gliburid, tolbutamid and klorpropamid. The medicine down the blood sugar in a way to stimulate insulin release by pancreas and increase effectiveness.
Other drugs, namely metformin, does not affect insulin release, but increase the body's response to the insulin to its own. Akarbos works by delaying glucose absorption in the intestine.
Drugs hipoglikemik per-oral usually given on the type II diabetics and if the diet fails to decrease by sport sugar with enough blood.
This medicine can sometimes given only one time (morning), although some patients require 2-3 times the.
If the drug per-oral hipoglikemik can not control your blood sugar well, may need insulin injections are given.

2. Insulin therapy Sulih

In the type 1 diabetes, pancreas can not produce insulin, so insulin must be given a replacement. The provision of insulin can only be done through injection, insulin was destroyed in the stomach so that it can not be per-oral (swallowed).
A new form of insulin (nose spray) are in the research. At this time, a new form of insulin is not able to work well as a different rate its absorption cause problems in determining the dose.
Insulin injected under the skin into the fat layer, usually in the arm, thigh or stomach wall. The needle used is very small so do not feel too painful.

Insulin is available in 3 basic forms, each with its own speed and duration of work is different:

• Insulin work fast.

Examples are regular insulin, which work most quickly and most briefly.
Insulin is often started down the sugar in 20 minutes, peak within 2-4 hours and work for 6-8 hours.
Insulin work fast often used by patients who undergo injections several times each day and Inject the 15-20 minutes before eating.

• Insulin are working.

Examples are Suspensi zinc insulin or insulin Suspensi isofan.
Start work within 1-3 hours, reaches peak maksimun within 6-10 hours and work for 18-26 hours.
Insulin can be injected in the morning to meet the needs for a day and can be injected in the night to meet the needs throughout the night.

• Insulin working slowly.

Examples are insulin Suspensi zinc that have been developed.
New effects arise after 6 hours of work for 28-36 hours.
insulin in the packaging room temperature for months so that the stable can be taken to go everywhere.

Elections insulin that will be used depends on:

• The desire to control the diabetes is

• The desire to monitor the patients blood sugar and adjust the dose

• Summary of daily

• Dexterity in patients learn and understand the disease

• Stability of blood sugar throughout the day and from day to day.

packaging that is most easy to use injections of insulin once a day at work. But blood sugar control package provides the most minimal.

A more stringent control can be obtained by combining 2 types of insulin, the insulin work faster and insulin are working. Second injection is given at the dinner, or when trying to sleep at night.

The most stringent control obtained with injected insulin work faster and insulin are working on morning and evening insulin injection, along with additional work quickly in the afternoon.
Some people with old age requires the same amount of insulin each day, other people need to adjust the dose depending on the insulin food, exercise and blood sugar pattern. Insulin needs will vary according to changes in food and exercise.
Some patients experience resistance to insulin. Insulin is not entirely the same as the insulin produced by the body, so the body can be formed antibody against insulin replacement. This antibody activity affect insulin, so patients with resistansi of the need to increase the insulin dose.

insulin can affect the skin and tissue underneath at the injection site.Sometimes the allergic reaction occurs that causes pain and feeling burnt, followed by redness, itching and swelling around the injection site used for several hours. Its form injections often cause deposition of fat (so the skin looks a lump) or damage the fat (so that the skin grooved). Complications can be prevented by changing the way and change the type of insulin. On the use of synthetic human insulin resistance and rare allergy.

The diet is very important. Usually people can not eat too much sweet food and must eat in a regular schedule. People with diabetes tend to have a high cholesterol level, therefore, recommended to limit the amount of saturated fat in food. But the best way to lower the cholesterol level is to control blood sugar and body weight.
All people should understand how a diet and exercise to control the disease. They must understand how to avoid the occurrence of complications.
People also need to give special attention to the infection so that the feet must be cut his nails regularly. It is important to be examined so that the eye changes in blood vessel in the eye.

Also can be overcome with the herbs as medicine for a nutritious Diabetes

Since antiquity, diabetes has been treated with plant medicines. Scientific investigation has recently confirmed the benefits of this much preparation, some really effective. Only plants that appear most effective, relatively not toxic and has many benefits include:

• Pterocarpus marsupium (Indian Kino, Malabar Kino, Pitasara, Venga)

Tree is the source of the Kino pharmacopeas Europe. Gum resin that looks like dried blood (Dragon blood), widely used in Indian medicine. This herb has a long history of use in India as a treatment for diabetes. The flavonoid, (-)-epicatechin, extracted from the bark of this plant has been shown to prevent alloxan-induced damage to beta cells in mice.

Both epicatechin and crude alcohol extract of Pterocarpus marsupium have actually have been shown to regenerate functional pancreatic beta cells. No other drug or natural agent has been shown for this event.

• Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia)

Bitter melon, also known as balsam pear, is a tropical vegetable widely cultivated in Asia, Africa and South America, and has been used extensively in folk medicine as a cure for diabetes. Blood sugar lowering action of the extract or juice of fresh raw fruit has been clearly defined in both experiments and clinical studies.

Bitter melon consist of several compounds with confirmed anti-diabetic properties. Charantin, taken by the alcohol, consisting of a hypoglycaemic agent mixed steroids that are stronger than the drug tolbutamide which is often used in diabetes care. Momordica also contains insulin-like polypeptide, polypeptide-P, the lower the level of blood sugar when injected subcutaneously into type 1 diabetes patients. Oral administration of 50-60 ml of juice that has shown good results in clinical trial.

Excessively high doses of bitter melon juice can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. Young children or anyone with hypoglycemia should not take bitter melon, since this herb could theoretically trigger or worsen low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia. In addition, diabetics taking hypoglycemic drugs (such as chlorpropamide, glyburide, or phenformin) or insulin should use bitter melon with caution, as they may potentiate the effectiveness of drugs, leading to severe hypoglycemia.

• Gymnema Sylvestre (Gurmar, Meshasringi, Cherukurinja)

Gymnema assist in the pancreas produce insulin in type 2 diabetes. Gymnema also improve insulin to lower blood sugar in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. He came down for the sweet cravings. This herb can be an excellent substitute for oral blood sugar lowering drugs in Type 2 diabetes. Some people take 500 mg per day of gymnema extract.
Garlic and onion (Allium CEPA and Allium sativum)

Onion and garlic with significant blood sugar lowering action. Principal active ingredients are believed to be allyl propyl disulphide (APDS) and diallyl disulphide oxide (allicin), although other constitutents such as flavonoids also play a role in May.

Experiment and clinical evidence indicates that the APDS lower glucose levels by competing with insulin for insulin-inactivating sites in the heart. This result increases free insulin. APDS administrative dose of 125 mg / kg to fasting humans found cause marked fall in blood sugar levels and increased serum insulin. Allicin doses of 100 mg / kg produced similar effects.

Garlic extract found to reduce blood sugar levels during oral glucose tolerance and blood. Effect increased as the dose increased, but the effect is observed even for beneficial low level used in diet (eg, 25 to 200 grams). Effect is the same in both raw and boiled onion extracts. Hepatic onion influence of sugar metabolism and / or increase insulin release, and / or prevent insulin's destruction.

Additional benefits from the use of garlic and onions that they beneficial cardiovascular effects. They found lower lipid levels, inhibit platelet aggregation and antihypertensive. So, liberal use of onion and garlic are recommended for diabetes patients.

• Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

Experiment and clinical studies have shown antidiabetic properties of fenugreek seeds. Active ingredients responsible for the antidiabetic properties of defatted fenugreek seed that contains the alkaloid trogonelline, nicotinic acid and coumarin.

• Blueberry leaves (Vaccinium myrtillus)

A decoction of leaves of blueberry has a long history of use in the treatment of diabetes. Complex myrtillin (an anthocyanoside) is apparently the most active material. After the injection is rather weak compared to insulin, but less toxic, even at 50 times 1 g per day therapeutic dose. One dose can produce beneficial effects for several months.

Blueberry anthocyanosides also increase capillary integrity, prevent free radical damage and improve the tone of the vascular system. In Europe, it is used as an anti-haemorrhagic agent in the treatment eye, including diabetic retinopathy disease.
Asian Ginseng

Asian ginseng is generally used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diabetes. Has been shown to increase the release of insulin from the pancreas and to increase the number of insulin receptors. It also has a direct effect of lowering blood sugar.
A study found that 200 mg of ginseng extract per day to improve control of blood sugar and energy levels in Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM).

• Bilberry

Bilberry may lower the risk of some diabetes complications such as cataracts and diabetic retinopathy.

• Stevia

Stevia has been used traditionally to treat diabetes. Early reports that stevia may be useful for glucose tolerance (and therefore potentially help with diabetes), although not all reports that confirmed this. Stevia does not even have direct antidiabetic effects, its use as a sweetener that can be reduced in patients Feed sugars.

• Biloba ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba extract in May prove useful for prevention and early treatment diabetic neuropathy.

Cinnamon - Triples insulin's efficiency

Barberry - One of the mildest and liver tonics known.
Dosage: tincture, 10-30 drops; or standard decoction 3-9 g.
Preventing Complications of diabetes Danger
Monitoring blood sugar is an important part of treatment of diabetes. The existence of glucose can be water from urine; still chew water proofing is not a good way to monitor or adjust the dose of medication.
At this time the blood sugar can be measured easily by its own people at home using a gauge of blood glucose. People with diabetes should record their blood sugar and report them to the doctor so that the dose of insulin or drugs hipoglikemik can be adjusted.
Insulin and drugs hipoglikemik per-oral too many can lower the blood sugar increase hipoglikemia. Hipoglikemia (low sugar in the blood) can also occur if people eat less or not eating on time or do the exercise without eating too heavy.
If blood sugar is too low, the first organ affected is the impact the brain. To protect the brain, the body begin to make glucose from glikogen stored in the liver.
This process involves the release epinefrin (adrenalin), which tends to cause hunger, fear, increased shivering. The reduced level of blood glucose to the brain can cause headaches.
Hipoglikemia must be overcome because in a few minutes can be a serious, sometimes causing coma and brain injury settle. If there are signs hipoglikemia, people should be eating sugar.
Therefore, diabetics should always carry candy, sugar, or glucose tablets to face attacks hipoglikemia. Immediately or people drinking a glass of milk, sugar water or fruit juice, piece cake, fruit or other sweet foods.
People with type I diabetes must always take glukagon, which can be injected if they can not eat foods that contain sugar.

Symptoms of low blood sugar:

• Pain that arises is hungry all of a sudden

• Headache

• Worries arise that the sudden

• Body tremor

• Sweating

• Confused

• The decline in awareness, coma.

Ketoasidosis diabetikum is an emergency. Without the proper treatment and quick, coma can occur even in death. People must be treated in the intensive care unit. Given a large amount of fluid and electrolyte intravena (natrium, potassium, klorida, phosphate) to replace the water lost through the urine excessive.
Insulin is given via intravena so to be able to work immediately and dose adjusted. Glucose level, electrolyte and blood keton measured every few hours, so that treatment can be adjusted.
Example of arterial blood was taken for the its acidity.Controlling blood sugar and electrolyte replacement can usually restore the balance of acid basa, but sometimes need additional treatment is given to edit the blood acidity.
Treatment for hiperglikemik comma-hiperosmolar non-ketotik with the same treatment for ketoasidosis diabetikum given the fluid and electrolyte replacement. Blood sugar must be returned in stages to prevent fluid movement into the brain. Blood sugar tend to be more easily controlled blood acidity and not too heavy.
If blood sugar is not controlled, the majority of long-term complications develop progressive. Retinopati diabetik can be treated directly with laser surgery to plug the leakage of blood vessel so that it can prevent damage to the retina settled. Laser therapy early can help prevent or slow vision loss.

Recent research shows that diabetes complications can be prevented, delayed or slowed by control of blood sugar. Controlling blood sugar can be done with therapy, for example wieldy take medicine.

Avoid with Diabetes Lifestyle Change
The descendants of whether someone has diabetes can be affected or not. Besides children, lifestyle also large. Type 2 diabetes often occurs in people who have experienced Obesity. Obesity or overweight is the most important causes of diabetes triggered.
Obesity means excess body weight at least as much as 20% of ideal body weight. The index also means the body more than 25 kg/m2. Excess fat that will cause resistance to insulin. This explains why diet and sports is a method for type 2 diabetes.

With lower body weight and increase muscle mass, reduces the amount of fat so that helps the body utilize insulin better. In fact there is a connection between type 2 diabetes with the most fat stack location. When the pile of fat found in the most stomach is exposed to the risk of diabetes higher.

The researchers also believe that the genes that bring nature Obesity had a role in causing diabetes. Gen gen obes named this set the weight of protein through our news whether we are hungry or not. In the experiments with mice, these genes mutation when the mouse will become a obes and type 2 diabetes.

Research shows that obesity-related time spent in front of the TV and computer. Watching TV will also cause the move does not affect the eating patterns.

How do I overcome obesity to avoid diabetes?

How easy, cheap and effective, including:

1. Habituate themselves to live healthy

2. Familiarize exercise regularly

3. Avoid watching TV or playing computer too long

4. Do not consume candy, chocolate, or a snack with a high salt contents.

5. Avoid dishes with the contents of fat and carbohydrate content is high.

6. Consumption of vegetables and fruits.

Hopefully you can help with various efforts to live healthy

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of TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Toxo View from the history, Toxo is a parasite protozoa

single cell cause Toxoplasmosis.
This virus first times found in the rodent in North Africa which is called by Charles gondii Nicolle and Lonis Manceaux in Laboartorium Pasteur Institute in Tunisia in 1908. More life cycle found in the new year 1970 finding that sexual cycle in the cat as hospes keep its, while the mediator is hospes different types of birds and mammals, including humans.

Toxoplasma gondii (in a medical world) wide-spread in nature, both in humans and animals,and is one of the causes of disease infection that most often occurs in humans in the entire surface of the earth. Figures perevalensi Toxoplasmosis in different countries vary, does not distinguish gender men and women.

Toxoplasma gondii is one sel animals called protozoa. This is a parasitic protozoa in the body of animals and humans. Toxoplasmosis considered as zoonosis diseases, the disease can be transmitted from animals to humans.

Similar to butterfly, T. Gondii also have a life cycle with a manifold. Transmission occurs primarily through the form of ookista (such as eggs) and bradizoit form that is usually found in the meat is not cooked thoroughly.

Most of the T. Gondii in three main forms, namely: ookista, tachyzoit and bradizoit. Ookista form only in the definitive gut wet nurse, the nation's cats. Ookista issued through the feces. When consumed by humans or other animals, developed into tachyzoit (tropozoit). This form is a form that can propagate itself quickly.

In the pregnant women, tachyzoit can infeksi fetus. Occupy network Tachyzoit muscle and nerve system such as the brain, and then changed to bradizoit. Bradizoit in meat that is not cooked, if eaten accidentally changed back into tachyzoit and start the cycle again reproduce themselves. For more details

• To more clearly it is this cycle of life and its ways of transmission

Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii was first raised in 1970 as a wet nurse and definitive (penjamu) is a group including familia Felidae cat - a cat that has been occur domestikasi. Warm-blooded animal, human, and poultry as a mediator iang (Dubey, 1998). Cats that terdomestikasi is a very important group for the occurrence of toksoplasmosis on another animal or human. This parasite is transmitted in three ways, namely in a way that is kongenital through plasenta, consume meat contamination by the cyst and the origin of cat feces containing ookista. In silkus his life on the phylum Amplicomplexa the 3 stages, namely stages takizoit the stadium multiplikasi active tropozoit and usually observed in acute infection. Stadium is most often found on the body organs especially the brain, muscle meat, heart muscle and eye (Sciammarella, 2001; Ghaffar, 2001).

Bradizoit Stadium is a stadium where the cyst is not active and are in the network and are infektif, and third stages ookista stadium is located in cat faeces. In their life cycle by intraselular cells in the medium to wet nurse wet nurse and then perform multiplikasi and parasites have life cycles that are phase obligat with sexual and aseksual. Sexual cycle occurs in the body of a cat and aseksual cycle occur in the different between the wet nurse who is very varied. .

Cats infected by Toxoplasma gondii after ingest food containing cyst in the existing network between body wet nurse (rodensia, birds, etc.) are infected. Parasites will multiplikasi in the small bowel wall and produce ookista. Ookista this will be a ekskresi through feses in large numbers for 2 - 3 weeks, within 5 days ookista will experience sporulasi and to infection another animal or human. Ookista is very resistant to changes in environmental conditions and will survive and who dwells in the land on wet or sandy soil. Intraintestinal infections occur during the cat, will be broken in the cyst lumen and intestinal penetration enterosit in the intestine and through the lamina propia in the body and then bereplikasi quickly and become a stadium takizoit (silkus ekstraselular intestinal) (picture 2). Stadium is a stadium that are associated with acute pathology description. At the stadium this process the body's immune response will be very helpful, this is due to the stadium takizoit will quickly spread and bereplikasi in epitel intestinal cells (entero-epitelial cycle) and overlooks a network body wet nurse. This is the peak of the cycle of sexual reproduction.

There is a cat's immune system, cause the release ookista stopped and detained takizoit development and will result in a formation called bradizoit (replication occurs in slow). Stadium is usually found in the brain and nerve network or heart muscle. Slowly this stadium will change to cyst and cause an infection in the female trader chronicles intermediaries (Dubey, 1999; Smith and Rebuck, 2000; anonymous, 2001b; Sciammarella, 2001).

Sexual cycle occurs only in the group and feline cat swallow begins as the network that contains the cyst or bradizoit. Fertilisasi occur in the intestine and will form ookista.At the time of contact with air, ookista will learn differentiation and form two sporokista, each - each sporokista will contain 4 sporozoit. The entire cycle occurs during the 3 - 10 days from the time tertelannya bradizoit and 18 days after ingesti ookista. The infected cat will produce ookista in the number of thousands (Dubey, 1999; Anonymous, 2001b).

Bradizoit can be found 5 to 6 days after infection and the form of a cyst found on various networks, especially brain and nerve network. The number of cyst will increase and reach its peak in 2 - 12 weeks after infection, and will slowly decline due to periodic ruptur cyst. Bradizoit were released from the cyst and will be signed in to encircle the cell and then form a new cyst,

and usually will circumnavigate the cyst ruptur or bradizoit this will change to takizoit. There bradizoit and takizoit that can be infected toksoplasmosis which chronicles(Dubey, 1999; Anonymous, 2001c; Rebuck and Smith, 2000).

According to Wu in 2001, this parasite transmission to humans because:

• swallow food contamination ookista the sporulasi.

• Swallow the meat or the brain that contain bradizoit.

• Kongenital a result of infection transmitted through plasenta of pregnant women to the fetus in the womb.

Cats are the definitive wet nurse as a wet nurse and ookista in addition will produce an bradizoit it will be in ekskresi through feses.Feses then this water will be mixed, land and cattle feed that is open (Lawrence, 1995; Weigel etal, 1999; Dubey, 1998), so it can spread to humans. Reported that in cat feces that enter the human in the water, land and feed pigs in swine farms in Illinois in which many of them also find a cat, a point that found in ookista in feses and cat fur, land, water and feed the pigs a in the livestock environment. In addition to the ookista found in it have also found positive results toksoplasmosis on blood samples from people - people who handle the processing of pork (92%), handling of feed pigs and cats 74% of the 174 workers (Weigel et al, 1999). According to the European multicentre case control study, comparison between the transmission through the cyst is in the meat and ookista from feses cat to human 5-10 times higher risk on its people to the consumption of meat (Anonymous, 2001).

Meat is the route of transmission of many reported in the year - last year. Pigs, goats, sheep and cattle are very important as a source of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. In addition to livestock is also on the cattle, poultry and animal prey (Dubey, 2000, Figueiredo, 2001). Estimated that 50% of people infected with Toxoplasma gondii in the United States due to consumption of poultry meat(Roghmann, 1999), so that the attention of higher compare Foodborne pathogenic in others, because a decrease in productivity and increased health care costs (Frenkel and Robert, 1990 ). According to Dubey in Figueiredo, 2001 that the infected goats by Toxoplasma gondii in the vaginal mucosa, saliva, nasal sekresi, urine and milk of water diekskresi contain takizoit. Swallow occurred because of the cyst on the brain, flesh, heart or other organ of origin of cattle, which made its process pemasakka less perfect or less the evaporation process. From the results of the research serologi on 1000 pregnant women in Europe indicate that between 30 - 63 percent of infected toksoplasma consume meat because of its less penangannan in perfect concoction or evaporation (Gilbert, 2000) and 17% because of contact with the contagious ookista in the land. Risk of contracting by Toxoplasma also came from women who prepare raw meat for cooking, drinking milk that is not specific to its pasteurisasi goat milk, raw eggs, or the person who is always in contact with animals, eating vegetables or fruit that is not washed. Seroprevalensi against toxoplasma found high on people - people of Nepal have kebiasan eat raw meat and keep the cat inside the house. In this study a cross-appeal in the district, and districts that have a habit consume raw meat, which is seroprevalen high point in the appeal the district does not consume (Rai et al, 1999, Anonymous, 2001â). According Roghmann et al 1999, that the Adventist people in Maryland who do not normally eat, and meat or fish products to its appeal is in control with the person who always consume the meat products point is a significant result.According to research from consuming the meat habit, the age, race, body immunity is also a role in transmission toksoplasmosis (Dubey, 1998; Roghmann, 1999; Weigel, 1999). Seroprevalensi incident toksoplasmosis the world vary widely dijepang namely 12%, 21-36% in the UK and the United States, while in France and El Salvador are very high, namely 84 - 90% (Smith and Rebuck, 2000).

According to Gilbert in 2001, that pregnant women who suffer toksoplasmosis 25% will

send it to fetus. Toksoplasmosis kongenital transmission occurs when infection at the time gestasi and the abortus in the first trimester of pregnancy (Dubey, 1999; Smith and Rebuck, 2000), in addition can also occur causing its early birth, disruption in infants born in the right form, with the birth weight the abnormal body, blindness, hearing loss, mental disturbance development (Frenkel, 1990; Weigel, 1999), when pregnant women are infected in one second or third trimester of pregnancy the baby is going to reveal the scale of pem (hidrochepalus) (picture 3 ), or retina eye lesi on the special (picture 4) and brain (Lawrence, 1995; Dubey, 1999; Sciammarella, 2001).

• This is his PATHOGENESA

Toxoplasma gondii is a prasit intraselular pitch and so on reproduction in cells. Most cases in humans in toksoplasmosis can consume the network that contains the cyst is in the process of meathis concoction less perfect or raw meat. In addition, direct contact with soil or water contamination by coal tar containing feses cat ookista that are not directly in contact with food or drink. Other form of transmission is through plasenta pregnant women who suffer toksoplasmosis (Dubey, 1999; Anonymous, 2001â). Bradizoit existing in the network or the tropozoit separated from ookista will do epitel penetration to the intestinal cells and multiplikasi. Toxoplasma will spread locally on limfoglandula mesenterika through the intestine and blood vessel limfe and will spread to all organs. Before other organs become damaged, nekrosis will occur first in the intestine and limfoglandula mesenterika, then going focal necrosis occurred in other organs.

Clinical picture will appear soon after some time the network damage occurred organ especially the eyes, heart, and adrenal gland. Gen. nekrosis on the organ - the organ caused by the multiplikasi intraselular from takizoit (Dubey, 1999; Dubey, 1999). Fifteen to 85% population of children - children of the world by chronic toxoplasma infection is influenced by geographic conditions (Dubey in Fuentes, 2001) temperature or humidity (Anonymous, 2001â). With the factors of temperature and humidity according ookista will be able to survive several months to more than one year. Fly, worm, cockroach and other insects may be regarded as agents in the mechanical spread of this parasite. The other factor is the effect age, according to research conducted by Martin Lawrence in 1995, that the effect of age on serologi people who consume the meat of pigs that his concoction not perfect and the people who always handle raw meat.

Levels of mortality and morbiditas of this parasite is high enough on the patient imunocompromise (AIDS, cancer, transplant) and on the children - children who are contagious through his mother (Dubey, 1999; Smith and Rebuck, 2000). Conditions that usually appear on people imunocompromise membrane form of brain inflammation or abses that can happen is two-fold.

• clinical symptoms of this toksoplasmosis kongenital

Estimated that more than 3000 people who suffered toksoplasmosis kongenital in the United States each year do not show symptoms. Symptoms will appear and is the individual. Serious symptoms appear on the baby who was born and born early abortus (1: 10 infants were infected) (Anonymous, 2001â) found with symptoms of eye infections, liver and spleen enlargement, in the eyes and yellow skin and pneumonia, and ensepalopati followed by death. While the baby is born normal, symptoms appear after a few weeks, months or years after birth. This found many symptoms after the age of pubertas such as the interference in the eyes until blindness occurs, a failure on the nerve system, interference hearing (deaf-mute), Demand, yellow due to heart trouble, erupsi skin, respiratory disturbances (Anonymous, 2001b). In the form of a latent form of damage usually psikomotor, konvulsi and head enlargement (hidrosepalus). At 69% of cases associated with korioretinitis with the increase in brain volume (Chandra, 2001). On imunocompromise people, namely people with AIDS, cancer or organ transplants will be quickly visible symptoms of the nerve system interference, encepalitis, limfoglandula enlargement, eye disturbances, hearing, respiratory disturbances and heart disturbances and mortality in patients over the high (Anonymous, 2001b; rebuck and Smith, 2000; Theobald 2001).

• Diagnosis

To do diagnosis against disease toksoplasmosis can be done several ways that can use serologi or histopatologi examination. With only see the symptoms of clinical diagnosis can be less in a portrait because symptoms do not appear specific (Dubey, 1999). Examination can be done directly with the notice a dark spot on the retina, making the examination of blood to see if the parasite is spread through the blood to see the changes that occur in the blood picture, and can use the CT scan, MRI to find the parasite is due lesi. Examination can also be done with the biopsy and the biopsy sample from the test can be done by using PCR (Theobald, 2001; Fuentes, 2001), isolation on animal experiments or making preparation histopatologi (Dubey, 1999).

Diagnostic method that is often used with the Indirect haemaglutination (IHA), Immunoflourescence (IFAT) or with Enzym Immunoassay (Elisa) (Figueiredo et al, 2001).

treatment of toksoplasmosis. For prevention against toksoplasmosis with, among others (Dubey, 1999; Anonymous, 2001â, Gilbert, 2000; Anonymous, 2001b)

• Minimize exposure to the parasite with a way to cook beef, pork, goat and others with internal heating 70oC (158oF) at least 15 - 30 minutes. By doing thawinig freezing,going collection of salt, smoking or curing, cyst can not be destroyed. Avoid consuming dairy goat that is not or raw eggs

• Avoid direct contact with the land as a potential place ookista, because ookista will be able to survive in the soil in a very long time and is not affected by poor environmental conditions or to use gloves during contact with the ground to wash hands with soap and water

• Avoid cross-contamination between raw material with material that has been cooked meals

• Sink to wash vegetables and fruits that will be consumed

• Clean your hands with soap and water after preparing raw meat to be cooked
  

• Remove the cat from the cage feses cat every day to prevent ookista sporulasi

• Do infections in the cat using Cage washing with boiling water or the sterilization 55oC, infection in the chemicals do not destroy ookista

• Does not provide raw meat to the cat and let a cat stay at home not to hunt wild birds or rodensia

• Pregnant women to avoid consuming the meat in a less perfect concoction (smoked meat, salami, etc.) and milk or products that are not pasteurisasi.

• Giving antibiotics is one way to toksoplasmosis for treatment. Antibiotics that are frequently in use is a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfonamide, and this effective combination for acute infections (Sciammarella, 2001). According to Wu in 2000, other drugs that can be used in the preparation azitromycin, clindammycin and atovaquone. Vaccination at the time of this new development.

I hope all of us can avoid, and can live healthy and grateful to god

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healthy tips

In the modern era is a lot of people about the problem so their body weight. Reducing the weight and attempts seem to look younger has become the life of many people at this time. Many diet products are offered to adapt to the needs of the present, the number of options to be confused even make a product where the most good and the match.

In fact, there are other ways to do the diet to reduce body weight and easily without assistance diet pills. And this way you can reduce the body weight with a healthy way as well as fast. See the following tips:

Portion control

Set your portions, it is better for you to eat in accordance with the portion you eat food from the excessive. When you eat fewer portions, you can eat regularly throughout the day. For example, to create a higher metabolism you can eat 5 small meals a day with a distance of 2-3 hours. This can help your metabolism and also create a permanent full throughout the day.

Avoid Food Sweet

Sugar is the enemy of time starting a diet. For some reason when you start to eat healthy food and a diet, often usually want to eat sweet food. The best way to avoid this problem is to eat your favorite fruit or jelly, when the desire arises.

Water

To reduce the excess water in the body, you even have to drink lots of water to release water stored by the body. We hold the body of water to make sure that did not experience dehydration. When you drink more water throughout the day and every day, it will help remove the excess water in the body.

On

Try to remain active with fun activities, activities that create relaxed free working days for you. Enjoy with your child, do yoga, walk or do a sports game.

The diet is not easy, but the key to the success of lower body weight is a commitment.In our minds is fortitude that will encourage businesses to conduct a more hard.

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